The most difficult language to learn for English speakers

Author:

Russ
The most difficult language to learn for English speakers
What is the most difficult language in the world to learn, out of over 2650 languages and over 7000 dialects? The most important deciding factor is one\'s mother tongue.
 According to research by the UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation), the 5 most difficult languages to learn for English speakers are:

• ·         Cantonese
• ·         Mandarin
• ·         Arabic
• ·         Japanese
• ·         Korean

As part of Indo-European languages family, English is formed by 24 Latin letters. However, Chinese—as part of a completely different language family: Sino-Tibetian, uses HanZi (Chinese Characters). This made Chinese extremely difficult for English speakers to learn.
Generally, the following 4 reasons make it even more difficult for English speakers to learn Chinese:

1. 1.       You cannot always find the equivalent words in the other language
2. 2.       In the two languages, those words which seemingly mean the same thing are actually referring to different concept.
3. 3.       In one language, you have only one or very few terms to describe some certain item/concept while in the other language, you may find many more different expressions.
4. 4.       Some words/phrases have the same principle meaning in both languages; however they may give people different impressions based on different cultures and traditions.

1. I.                    No equivalent words

There are many things that only exist in one culture. This makes it impossible to translate such items/concepts/products into the other language, or make people understand what exactly they are. For example, when the word ‘Coffee\' first spread to China, people could not give it an accurate translation, as this drink did not exist in China. As a result, instead of trying to find the best match, Chinese people simply recorded the pronunciation of this foreign word and created a new phrase ‘Ka Fei\'.  It is also very difficult to explain to Chinese people what is Hippy, Bingo Party, motel, revival meeting or time clock, because they simply do not exist in Chinese Culture.
On the other hands, there are just as many Chinese words which are difficult to transfer into English. The most obvious examples will be the two words ‘Yin\' and ‘Yang\'. According to Longman Modern English Dictionary, yin is described as the feminine or negative principle in nature; and yang –the masculine or positive principle in nature. However these are far from sufficient to really review the true and full meaning of these two words.
Many different aspects are responsible for these differences: different natural environment and tradition; different level of the development of technology or different social and political atmosphere.

1. II.                  Some concepts exist in both Chinese and English, but their meanings are not completely the same.

Following are some examples:

1. 1.       ‘High\' in Chinese is ‘高\' (gao), and ‘School\' in Chinese is ‘校\' (xiao), however ‘Gaoxiao\' does not mean ‘high school\', but\' University\'.
2. 2.       The words ‘rest\' and ‘room\' are both very easily understood in Chinese and English, however the combination of these two words are complete different, as ‘restroom\' or ‘Xiuxi Shi\' in Chinese is more likely to refer to ‘lounge\' or ‘lobby\'.
3. 3.       A word for word translation for the Chinese phrase ‘ShiYan\' (食言) should be ‘to eat one\'s own words\'. However the Chinese phrase actually means ‘to break one\'s promises\' as oppose to ‘take one\'s words back\'.

1. III.                In one language, you have only one or very few terms to describe some certain item/concept while in the other language, you may find many more different expressions.

For example, in China people use ‘LuoTuo\' to describe all camels, however in English, there are also ‘dromedary\' and ‘Bactrian camel\'. It is said that in Arabic, there are over 400 words for ‘camels\', many of them are used to differentiate the camel\'s age, gender, breed, size, strength and even whether they are pregnant.
Chinese language has a lot more words for family members than English. The simple sentence ‘Mary\'s sister married Tom\'s Brother\' can be very difficult to be translated into Chinese, because ‘brother\' or ‘sister\' is just not detailed enough, we need to know whether they are Younger or older to be able to find them a Chinese equivalent, below are a simple layout of family members in Chinese:
祖父
Grandfather (Father\'s father)
祖母
Grandmother (Father\'s Mother)
外祖父
Grandfather (Mother\'s Father)
外祖母
Grandmother (Mother\'s mother)
父亲
Father
母亲
Mother
兄
brother (Elder brother)
姐
Sister (Elder sister)
弟
Brother (younger brother)
妹
Sister (younger sister)
伯父
Father\'s elder brother
叔父
Father\'s younger brother
姑父
Husband of father\'s sister
舅父
Mother\'s brother
姨父
Husband of mother\'s sister
姐夫
husband of elder sister
妹夫
husband of younger sister

The above are only part of the relatives; other members like cousins (male and female), brother\'s sister, husbands\' younger brother, father\'s brother\'s son etc are even more confusing for English speakers.

1. IV.                Words or phrases give people different impressions because of the culture and tradition

For example, the words ‘politician\' and ‘statesman\' are representing the same profession, however we must be very careful when choosing their Chinese equivalents, as ‘Zhengke\' (政客) is considered derogatory, while ‘zheng zhi jia\' (政治家) is a more positive phrase.
Article Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/international-studies-articles/the-most-difficult-language-to-learn-for-english-speakers-5042880.html
About the Author
Hello I was born and raised in Somerset UK, my parents are both native British, I have studied the art of translation for many years and am fluent in the Chinese dialects of Cantonese and Mandarin, also the written in a romanized system chinese of Pinyin.

Why Learn English as a Second Language?

Author:

Caitlin Adams
There are more than 2,700 languages spoken around the world. Of these, the English language is one of the most widely spoken and written languages. Wherever you go around the world, you don\'t have to go far to find someone who speaks English. In fact, there are currently more than 400 million people who speak English as their first language and more than another 900 million people who are learning or already speak English as a foreign language or second language. These numbers are expected to keep on growing as people around the world continue to travel and communicate with people in other nations.
English is the most widely studied second language in the world. It is commonly used as the language of choice when two people who speak other languages get together. This is probably because of the worldwide influence of things such as movies, music, news and the Internet. The Internet has brought everyone in the world into much closer contact and English plays an important role in bringing together people in this modern medium. Eighty per cent of the information stored in computers is stored in English, and 75 per cent of the other communications sent around the world use the medium of English.
Most countries around the world recognise the importance of English in education and careers, so it is commonly studied in school and many countries insist that every student graduates with at least a basic level of English. The United Nations has 163 member nations, with English being the most common official language among them.
If you plan to travel anywhere around the world, having English as a second language is a must. With English as a second language you will be able to understand shop keepers, bus drivers, tourism operators, brochures and signs. You be able to buy what you need, get where you want to go and become friends with people in a variety of countries.
Because English is the language of the Internet, you will find it much easier to find jobs overseas as well as buying and selling the goods you need. Understanding and speaking English will help you to make good internet decisions, keep you safe on the Internet and help you to further your career.
English is the perfect second language option because it will open so many doors for you worldwide. Fortunately, it\'s very easy to find English language teachers around the world. Why not get started today!
Article Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/languages-articles/why-learn-english-as-a-second-language-5039086.html
About the Author
CCEL (Christchurch College of English Ltd) is a privately-owned English language school located on the University of Canterbury campus in Christchurch. CCEL works in partnership with the University and provides international students with a pathway to further study, find out more here : www.ccel.co.nz

Disadvantages of Home Schooling

Author:

Kris Koonar
If you are concerned about the education your child is receiving at either a public or private school, you may have considered the option of home schooling. There are many advantages to home schooling that are easy to think of, but in making your decision you must also consider the disadvantages. Yes, despite all the bonuses you can think of in home schooling your child, there are many disadvantages to the process.

Home schooling is a process that requires a massive amount of time and dedication. If you want to home school your child you must be present for a large part of the day. Kids are kids. Depending on how motivated by academic success your child is, he or she may not require constant supervision. However, in many studies, parental supervision is the key behind the success of home schooling programs.

Parents must also possess instructional skills or access to someone who can teach effectively. Simply putting your child in a room with textbooks will most likely result in home schooling failure. In addition, you will have to purchase materials that public and private schools provide for students.

There is also the need to be able to serve as guidance counselor as your child may require specialized instruction due to a learning disability. Public and private schools usually provide these services with qualified individuals.

One important benefit of an academic institution is the opportunity for children to become properly socialized. Attending school with other children from all walks of life leads to the development of social skills. One of the disadvantages of home schooling is the relative isolation children have from their peers.

Many parents find comfort in blaming the educational system for the shortcomings in their child\'s academic performance. If you choose to home school you will be accepting full responsibility for the outcome of your child\'s education. This is more of a burden than it seems. Studies have shown that many home schooling ventures fail due to the fact that the home generally lacks qualified educators. Many parents have gripes about teachers, but the fact is that they generally have to teach large classes filled with children with diverse learning needs. In addition, certified educators have taken teaching classes and have passed state examinations to receive their teaching certificates.

When you approach the issue of home schooling you must examine both sides. Sure, there are plenty of advantages, but if you forget to look into the disadvantages, you may be setting yourself up for failure.
Article Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/homeschooling-articles/disadvantages-of-home-schooling-59112.html
About the Author
If you need more information visit http://www.citizenschool.com to learn about Home Schooling GED and a High School Diploma or if you prefer phone 1-800-736-GRAD (4723) or email studentservices@citizenschool.com. Internet Marketing done by Crackmarketing.com.

History of Aruba

Author:

Jennifer
Aruba is known as a beautiful vacation spot, but few know about its rich history. Ochre-colored rock drawings left behind by island shamans are still visible today. European adventurers and settlers brought many traditions, experiences, and nationalities to the island. Some came to the island as temporary settlers, while others came to make a permanent new home. The people and their variety of languages mixed with the innate hospitality make up the multi-cultural Aruban spirituality and ambiance that reflect a rich past.

The first inhabitants on Aruba were the Caquetio Indians of the Arawak tribe from the South American mainland. They were fishers, hunters, and gatherers of the pre-ceramic period of habitation. This was between 2500 BCE and 1000 CE. The Caquetio Indians depended on the ocean for survival, and fished off the shores of what is now called Malmok and Palm Beach. They lived in small family groups in these areas.

Throughout the beginning of this time period, there were five large Indian villages that were settled on the best agricultural soil for corn and yucca. We have now figured out they had a hierarchical socio-political system based on the way the dead was buried. There are remains of pottery that the Indians created, some of which were coarse pottery, others were fine well-crafted ceramics.

Next came the Spanish rule. The island was discovered by Alonso de Ojeda in 1499, and was then claimed as a Spanish territory.  The island was then named it la isla de los gigantes (the island of the giants), because the first indian settlers decendents were very tall. After around a decade, the island acquired the nick name isla inutil (a useless island), because no treasures were found on the island.

The entire Indian population, the original settlers, was enslaved in 1513. They were taken to Hispaniola (the Dominican Republic and Haiti) to work. Some Indians returned in 1515 during the Indian Historic Period, and some new Indians from the mainland settled on the northern part of the island in small villages.

The Spanish returned, and the Indians were used as laborers for horse and cattle breeding. From 1600 and on, most Indians came from the South American mainland. At the beginning of the 1800s, Indians were one third of the islands population of 1700, but in 1862, it is said that Aruba\'s last Indian died.

The Dutch saw that Aruba had a very strategic location, and the island was occupied by the Dutch in 1636. This was to establish a naval base in the Caribbean during their 80 year war with Spain. It was also strategic to protect their salt supply from the South American mainland. The neighboring island Curacao hosted Dutch West India Company, which led to further economic development. Today, Aruba is still in Dutch hands, although the English had a short period of rule during the Napoleonic Wars from 1805-1816.

Now there are myriads of Aruba Resorts and Aruba All Inclusive vacations you can take to visit this island with a rich past, and culturally varied background.
Article Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/history-articles/history-of-aruba-5028770.html
About the Author
Jennifer Brown loves everything related to Aruba! You can usually find her lounging in one of Aruba resorts enjoying an Aruba all inclusive vacation.

Refine Your Flare for Fashion at Tampa Design School

Author:

William Hauselberg
Many students assume that if they want to study fashion, they need to go to school in New York City. New York City is one of the worlds largest design centers and two-thirds of all U.S. fashion design and manufacturing is done in New York.

But though New York is considered the fashion capital of the United States, students dont necessarily have to travel there to study at a fashion school. There are great fashion schools all over the United States. In fact, attending a Tampa fashion school may give Florida students the unique opportunity to study fashion close to home.

The Benefits of Attending Fashion School in Tampa

There are so many things that influence fashion. Designers can be influenced by the weather, nature, their favorite cities, and the people around them. Tampa is a gorgeous city. Its easy to live there and feel inspired. Many artists find inspiration in the gorgeous beaches, the lively city, and the laid-back locals. Tampa is not your average vacation destination. The city also has a thriving arts scene. For instance, the Gasparilla Festival of the Arts, which is held in Tampa each year, is one of the top 10 annual art shows in the United States. Tampa also offers thriving galleries, design studios, schools, and creative outlets for all types of artists.

Fashion School Tampa: Who Should Consider a Degree in Fashion?

Any person with an interest in fashion may want to consider attending a Tampa fashion school. Typical fashion students are stylish, innovative, and ahead of the trends. Fashion students should love putting new outfits together and have a good eye for what works.

Not every fashion student has to love creating clothing. Fashion schools can also teach students how to market products, become a buyer, and manage a retail business. While some graduates may go on to become designers, others may work in other areas of the fashion industry.

While prospective students may think that they need to move to the Big Apple to get a fashion degree, this simply isnt the case. Instead of leaving sunny Florida for fashion school, Tampa, students may want to let the citys colorful, tropical vibe influence their budding style. Compared to the sharp, black styles that dominate the New York fashion scene, Tampa students are a breath of fresh air.
Article Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/international-studies-articles/refine-your-flare-for-fashion-at-tampa-design-school-5020298.html
About the Author
The author has an immense knowledge on fashion school, Tampa. Know more about Tampa fashion school related info in his website.

Cultural and Language differences explained

Author:

Russ
Language and Culture

Culture has great influence on people\'s daily communications. You may find that, on many occasions, even though the translation is perfectly accurate, there could still be confusion or misunderstanding. For different people, a certain word or expression could have different meanings. Because of culture differences, a serious topic could sound funny; a harmless comment could be offensive. Because of culture differences, the best joke might not have the same effect to the audiences when told in a different language.
Language is of vital importance to culture. Some sociologists believe that language is the fundamental part of culture---without languages, different cultures could not be formed. On the other hand, language is also influenced by and reflecting culture. We may say that, language is the special aspect of a nation, it not only contains the history and culture back ground of a country, but also expresses the people\'s views and beliefs. To learn a language, to understand a language, first of all, one must learn to understand the culture behind it.
There are many languages in the world, and just as many different kind of cultures. As a result, people from different culture back ground, people speak different languages may experience difficulties when trying to communicate with each other.

1. To translate and master a language, you have to learn more than pronunciation, grammar or vocabulary. In many cases, a direct translation might not be able to do the work. For example, the following signs were found in public facilities around the world, the grammar is correct and translations are accurate for each word, however, they just don\'t look right.

• In a Japanese Hotel ---If you want just condition of warm in your room, please control yourself.
• A Zoo in Hungary –Please don\'t feed the animals. If you have any food, please give it to the guard on duty.
• Pub in Norway—Ladies are requested not to have children in the bar.
• Shop in Switzerland—Fur coats made for ladies from their skins.
• Dentist in Hong Kong—Teeth extracted by the latest Methodists.
• Dry clean shop in Thailand—Drop your trousers here for best results.
• An Italian hospital—Specialist in women and other diseases.
• Cemetery in Russia—Welcome to the cemetery where famous Russian artists are buried daily except Thursday.
• Airport in Denmark—We take your bags and send them in all directions.
• A Mexican hotel—The manager has personally passed all water served here.

It is no wonder that many companies favour the use of a Translation company, especially when technical translation is required, for example in technical industries.

1. Sometimes, it might be difficult to find the equivalent word in a different language, not to mention those old sayings or proverbs. According to research, the following words have been selected as the top 10 most untranslatable words:

•  Ilunga-- Tshiluba language spoken in south-eastern DR Congo, it means a person who is ready to forgive any abuse for the first time; to tolerate it a second time; but never a third time.
• shlimaz—Yiddish for a chronically unlucky person
• radioukacz—Polish for a person who worked as a telegraphist for the resistancemovements on the Soviet side of the Iron Curtain
• naa—Japanese word only used in the Kansai area of Japan, to emphasise statements or agree with someone
• altahmam—Arabic for a kind of deep sadness
• gezellig—Dutch for cosy
• saudade—Portuguese for a certain type of longing
• selathirupavar—Tamil for a certain type of truancy
• pochemuchka—Russian for a person who asks a lot of questions
• klloshar –Albanian for loser

In addition, the most untranslatable English word is believed to be ‘plenipotentiary\'. Other words such as ‘googly\', ‘spam\' and ‘gobbledygook\' had also been chosen.

1. Some certain items, animals or concepts, in some languages, can only be expressed with one term, in other languages, however, you may find many different replacements.  For example, sheep sometimes are also: ram, ewe or lamb; and deer can also be called: stag, doe and fawn.  On the other hand, one word could also have more than one meaning, now who can translate the following sentence into a different language?

--Can you can a can as a can can can a can?

1. 4.       Expressions-- old sayings or proverbs are very important parts of a culture and the language. It is almost impossible to find an exact equivalent in a different language, and could be very difficult to translate. However, some more comment expressions which are frequently used by the native speakers can also be easily misunderstood by someone who is trying to learn it. For example, there was a story about a foreign student in the US. This girl was sitting by the window studying and she heard someone shout at her: 'Look out!', so she stood up and looked outside the window when a tennis ball just barely missed her head.  Her friend commented, 'that was dangerous, I did warn you to look out. She answered, yes and that\'s what I did'. True or not, from this story we can easily see that sometimes, the words do not always mean they you think they do.

Article Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/international-studies-articles/cultural-and-language-differences-explained-5020631.html
About the Author
Hello I was born and raised in the UK, my parents are both native British, I have studied the art of translation for many years and am fluent in the Chinese dialects of Cantonese and Mandarin, also the written in a romanized system chinese of Pinyin.

Beginning of a long and violent history of Russia

Author:

Stephanie Kio
She was christened in childhood with a lash,
Torn to pieces,
Scorched.
Her soul was trampled by the feet,
Inflicting blow upon blow,
Of Pechenegs,
Varangians,
Tartars,
And our own people –
Much more terrible than the Tartars.
In these few lines from a poem published in 1963, Yevgeny Yevtoshenko conveyed the history of Russia and, by extension, the history of the Soviet Union. A land unprotected by natural barriers, it has suffered invasion after invasion – from the east by Pechenegs, Tartars, Khazars and countless others, from the north and west by Varangians, Swedes, Lithuanians, Poles, French and Germans. It has been oppressed by its own rulers, who have included some of the cruellest tyrants the world has known. Such a history explains why the Russian people seem so passionately possessive of their land, so submissive to authoritarian rule. 'Russia\'s endurance became famous', wrote Yevtushenko. 'She did endure'.
The story begins in about 1.000 B.C. with the Cimmerians, farmers of the plains north of the Black Sea. Around 700 B.C., they were overrun by the first Asiatic horsemen, the Scythians, another long-vanished people, who left behind in burial mounds a fortune in golden ornaments – diadems, necklaces, bracelets, rings, earrings – that today are nation treasures.
The Scythians in turn yielded to a new group of Asiatic nomads, the Sarmatians, and these were followed by the Goths and then the Huns; under their leader, Attila, the Huns went on to terrorize much of Europe, rampaging as far to the west as Orleans, where they were at last defeated by Visigoths and Gallo-Romans in 451 A.D. in the wake of the Huns came the Avars and then the Khazars.
The  Khazars were traders, and among the peoples they dealt with were the Slavs, a group of slash-and-burn farmers and fur trappers living in the forested area of present-day Kiev, Novgorod and Moscow. Little is known of their earlier history. Related to other Slavic peoples of Central Europe, these Eastern Slavs waited out the Scythians, Sarmatians, Huns, Avars and other conquerors to become the enduring Russians, a name they acquired in a roundabout fashion during the ninth and 10th centuries.
The name was a Norse gift. Scandinavian traders, the Varangians, using the inland waterways of the Volkov and Dnieper Rivers to reach the rich market of Byzantium, passed right through the Slavic heartland. In time, these Norsemen, one group of whom are believed to have been called the Rus, established trading posts in the Slavs\' territory. Two of the trading posts, Kiev and Novgorod, grew into fortified towns ruled by Norse princes. And Kiev, strategically located just where the Dnieper breaks out of the forests into the steppe, eventually became the thriving centre of the infant Kiev state, the ancestral home to modern Russia.
Around 980, Kiev was under the rule of Vladimir, the first of the long series of autocrats who shaped Russia to their will. By this time most of the rulers of Europe, the Near East and North Africa had adopted one or another of the great monotheistic religions. Vladimir\'s agents were dazzled by the Eastern Orthodox Church. 'The Greeks led us to the buildings where they worshipped their God, and we knew not whether we were in heaven or on earth. For on earth there is no such splendour or such beauty, and we are at a loss to describe it'.  Impressed by this report, Vladimir arranged to be baptized into the Orthodox Church and forced all of his subjects to do the same.
Vladimir\'s choice of Eastern Orthodoxy over Western Catholicism had results of lasting significance. It isolated the country from the rest of Europe, provoked abiding suspicion of Western ideas, and incited tragic enmity between Russia and its Roman Catholic neighbours – practically the Poles.
Vladimir\'s bold stroke did indeed give the Kiev state a measure of unity. But not for long. Constantly battered by waves of nomadic invaders, it succumbed to the Tartars, who in the 13th century conquered much of Europe and Asia. The Tartars ruled Russia for more than 200 years, and the fledgling Russian state was reduced to a few small principalities paying tribute to their Tartar masters but tenuously linked by the Orthodox Church.
Kiev, in the midst of the Tartar-held Ukrainian region, was never to regain its political supremacy. Many modern Ukrainians, while claiming credit for the founding of Russia, do not consider themselves Russians. They are, they insist, Ukrainians, and they are a bit scornful of the neighbouring Slavs to the north, the Russians who took advantage of the Tartar conquest to gain the power they hold today.
These northern Slavs peopled the principality then known as Muscovy, its chief town a nondescript wooden settlement called Moscow. The Muscovites were only loosely controlled by the Tartars but acknowledged their dominance and paid them tribute. Muscovite princes, cannily using their tribute-paying role to better their own position, collected taxes for their overlords but pocketed some of the take. Eventually they were strong enough to challenge the Tartars.
By a fluke, they were also able to supplant Kiev as the spiritual capital of Russia. The head of the Russian Church, on tour, happened to die in Moscow, and the Muscovite princes seized the opportunity to persuade his successor to transfer his seat from Kiev to Moscow. Thus fortified with temporal and spiritual power, Muscovy finally threw off Tartar rule in 1380, and by 1462 a potent Moscow prince, Ivan III, asserted his authority over Novgorod and Kiev as well as Moscow, so uniting the Slavic principalities into the Russian nation. Ivan took to calling himself Tsar – the Russian equivalent to Caesar, which was the title of the Emperors of Rome. His contemporaries referred to him as Ivan the Great.
Article Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/history-articles/beginning-of-a-long-and-violent-history-of-russia-5002903.html
About the Author
Stephanie Kio runs several bilingual websites with different themes - including coffee makers website in English and Russian. On this website you can read more quality information on the best Cuisinart Home Coffee Makers and many other brands.

Political Architecture of Thomas Jefferson & Benjamin Henry Latrobe

Author:

max
When viewing a structure, be it a house, place of business or government building, what should the viewer experience? What meaning does the architect want to portray aside from the superficial elements? To Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Henry Latrobe, 'a building was not merely a walled structure, but a metaphor for American Ideology, and the process of construction was equal to the task of building a nation' (Architectural). Well known in their respective fields, Latrobe and Jefferson effectively shaped political architecture by combining ideals and creating an American style of design that is both unique and symbolic. Architecture is a form of art that serves an important purpose and is more than mere beauty. For these two men, architecture provided an outlet to the meaningful and useful creation of an American style recognizable throughout the ages.
Both Latrobe and Jefferson were heavily influenced by Neo-Classical ideals. By definition, Neo-Classical is the new version of classical – So what is Classical Architecture? Classical is the style of design associated with the style which was used by the ancient Romans and Greeks. It can be characterized by the use of marble, pillars and mathematical symmetry. The Parthenon (figure 1) in Athens Greece is a prime example of Classical architecture with marble pillars, symmetric layout and a geometric shape. 1500 years later (1570 AD), Classicism was reborn in Western Europe by Italian architect Andrea Palladio. He advocated for the use of Classical ideas in more than just important buildings but also private residences (Architecture). Neo-Classical architecture is characterized as having the same features but is seen more as an approach to design and not a particular/specific style. It suggests the use of classical styles and characteristics in what was modern day design. Thomas Jefferson\'s Monticello (figure 2) in Virginia, which served as his home, was an ingenious feat of design andengineering. There are obvious Classical characteristics with the updated building material – brick. In Benjamin Henry Latrobe\'s Bank of Pennsylvania (figure 3), he follows a more strict set of rules with Neo-Classicism. He uses Ionic columns to support the entablature over the porch and a saucer dome located above the banking room.
Article Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/history-articles/political-architecture-of-thomas-jefferson-benjamin-henry-latrobe-5012309.html
About the Author
Max Scott
Find My Niche Market How to find a niche

Is the Bible Fair to Women?

Author:

YoonOk Kim
Is the Bible Fair to Women?
I have growing Tiger Lily for four years now.  Tiger Lilies are all over at my HaPPy garden~~~front, back and side of my house!  Two years ago, I wanted to grow low growing flowers in one section~~~ my left side of garden~~~ to have only small and tiny ground cover flowers.  Since Tiger Lilies grow tall & stand out in that part of garden, I transferred all of them out~~~around 60 roots and gave away all the Tiger Lilies I had in that specific area.  But, one small tiny Tiger Lily bulb survived, now she spread and spread~~~ spread many more Tiger Lilies ~~~just like Lilith!
The Tiger Lily reminded me of Lilith~~~Adam\'s mythological first wife.
No matter how we try to eradicate or to eliminate, Lilith will survive!
Lilith Will go around here forever, and she will never die!
Lilith Will Survive!
****
Everyone knows the story of Adam and Eve and the Garden of Eden!
But, do you know who Lilith is, before the creation of Eve?
According to many other myths and ancient historical texts, Eve was NOT Adam\'s first wife, but Lilith was.  According to the legends, some say, Lilith left Adam because she did not want to submit to him. Others say, Adam could not handle this strong opinionated woman and kicked her out.
Because she refused to obey Adam, Lilith was considered to be evil in the image of woman.
Lilith is out of the bible!  With her complete absence from Scripture, Lilith is nothing more than a myth. She has to face not only harsh criticism, but also the cruel insulting considering her as an evil woman who can snatch up children from out of the darkness.  Some people made jokes on her revenge on the children of Eve or attacks babies at childbirth while others blamed her wrong doings by accusing her of having jealousy.
This is why the origin of the term 'lullaby' coming from the name Lilith to prevent snatching away from Evil Lilith.
Is Lilith Evil?
Is this fair on Lilith?
Lilith was out of Bible because Bible authors do not want her strong equality mankind voice, but only kept Eve who was created from Adam\'s rib~~~ according to the Bible!
That is one of many reasons I call Bible authors as sexists against women.  It started from Genesis and move to all over both Old Testament and New Testament~~~all over~~~ sexists and racists owning slaves women and treating women as property like cattle, bought, sold, traded, slaughtered .  And later, the Bible show how to beat and/or sleep with female slaves besides teaching how much a rapist pay money to the father of the victims while teaching 'Loving Your Enemies' in the name of God and love at the same time.
Does this make sense to you?  Is this fair to women?
The use of Adam & Eve in the Garden of Eden is so crucial for Christians because it is where the concept of 'original sin' comes from.  Without this story, Jesus wouldn\'t have had to die for humanity.
Is this fair on Lilith at all?  Is the Bible fair to women at all?
I am not the one who believe we are born 'sinners'.  Look at children\'s eye~~~how come you claim that we are born 'sinners'.  I am not the one who is limiting my thought of the 6-day creation and a personified God.  I am not the one who is looking for the eternal redemption and salvation while there are so many people still crying and suffering~~~through the tears and their untold stories of injustice and inhumanity.  I am not the one who is limiting by an imaginary male God portrayed in the Bible because the way it described in the Bible are so unloving and unkind with errors, contradictions, and/or discrepancies.
For me, I don\'t need to read the well-edited scriptures at all to know that we should 'love one another'.
I don\'t need to believe Virgin Birth in Bethlehem to understand the amazing power of the Universe!
I do not need to follow organized religion to experience the awesome power of the mother earth.
To me, organized religions cause more harm than good throughout our past!
There is divine beauty in learning how we are here~~~so I am not limiting my experience through the well-edited scriptures.
We are the sum total of all the past~~~which is a part of present that will influence the future!
We are all connected! We are all intertwined, like the threads of a spider web!
I am the sum total of all the followings~~~my grandmother, my father, my mother, our siblings, our ancestors, flowers, trees, sky, sun, moon, teachers, friends, and everything.
I am the sum total of those experiences and those ideas based on the foundation of LOVE and Unity.
This is a process oriented as on-going development processes base on LOVE and Unity!
I am a lifelong student~~~Never stop learning~~~but keep growing~~~keep learning~~~keep loving!
I am here to be the voice of those who have been crying in silence and suffered throughout our past. I will do my best within my power to seal off their wounds. Because this is our healing time!
Let\'s Stand in Lilith\'s shoes!
Let\'s Stand up for people who cry in silence!
Article Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/history-articles/is-the-bible-fair-to-women-5021051.html
About the Author
YoonOk Kim began writing after experiencing a near-death from her brain aneurysm rupture in 2007. After more than one month of hospitalization in the ICU, she came home with many setbacks.
When she felt she had NO hope and NO life, her backyard welcomed her to start new life...a new chapter. By working in the soil, planting seeds, and connecting to mother earth, she asked herself, 'Who am I?'.
With her feet and her two hands, like roots, connecting with the warmth of the mother soil, she dig up the soil to plant seeds of love and healing and peace.
In the same way she dig in her garden, she dig up the story of her mother and her grandmother, while the history of her birth land, Korea, lingers in the background.  Through the digging of the soil and the past, she now realizes that her family story is a part of history~~~not separate from it. Through the rootedness from the plants, she now feels and smells the soil.
This was how she started writing her stories to heal the root~~~protect our Mother Earth.

How To Become A Sports Psychologist

Author:

The Sider Group
Psychology is a field that has diversified hugely over the past few years. One direction of interest is the growth and popularity of a career in sports psychology. With the hype surrounding many of our modern day sports people at an all time high, it is no wonder that more and more people are training for a career in sports psychology.

Sport and exercise psychologists focus on the mental and emotional aspects associated with sport and exercise. Most will either specialize in sport or exercise but it is possible to work in both areas. Once qualified as a sports psychologist, you can expect to work with teams and individuals at all levels of expertise from all backgrounds, from amateurs all the way up to top professionals.

Generally, a sports psychologist will work with a team or individual to deal with issues such as nerves and anxiety before a big game or event, improving self-confidence and thus improving performance, dealing with the stresses of a demanding training regime and also improving concentration. Many sportsmen and women struggle to maintain motivation and focus when faced with extreme pressure or stress and a sports psychologist will help to improve the situation. They will also help sporting individuals to deal with the frustration and stress of getting injured, controlling aggression during play and help individuals and teams to set themselves achievable goals in order to focus the mind.

Within your role as a sports psychologist you can expect to work in close proximity with not only sportsmen and women but other sporting professionals such as coaches, managers, nutritionists and physiotherapists. Sports psychologists need to be a specific type of person in order to be successful. They need to be genuinely interested in people and human behavior; they also need to have a keen interest in sport. It\'s really important to have a desire to help others and have excellent communication skills. You need to be able to work within a team on a professional level and have a tolerant and patient manner. A good sports psychologist will have good problem solving skills and apply a logical approach to all areas of their work.

In order to work as a qualified sports psychologist you need to undergo the relevant training. You will need to complete a bachelor\'s education requirements for psychology to begin with, and if possible choose a degree program that studies sports psychology. Most psychologists are advanced degree holders so in order to be competitive it is a good idea to further your career. You will be able to gain an entry level position with a two year degree but in order to be really successful, most professionals will advise the completion of a 5 year doctoral program based on sports psychology or sports science.

Many sports psychologists kick start their career with an internship as this can be really beneficial to set you apart from the competition. Gain at least 2 years of clinical work experience in order to gain the relevant on the job skills necessary. You will also be required to take the Examination for Professional Practice in Psychology (EPPP) issued by the Association of State and Provincial Psychology Boards (ASPPB). This is a requirement if you want to work in any of the states in the US and once completed you can practice as a licensed sports psychologist.

Many sports psychologists combine consultancy work with education by teaching or researching in other areas of psychology. Others opt for full-time employment with a professional sports team.
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Browse detailed information about top psychology schools which are offering sports psychology degree programs at PsychologySchoolsU.com. Choose best psychology school in your preferred location and start your path to a rewarding career.

Annotated Bibliography- Criminology

Author:

Alice
Cook, P. J. (2010). Property crime-yes; violence-no. Criminology & Public Policy, 9 (4). The author of this article is a professor at Duke University. He discusses the relationship between business cycle and crime against property and persons in the U.S. He references a study published within the issue. The author stresses that business cycles are complex experiments with many crime-related variables changing simultaneously. He identifies and defines plausible mechanisms relating the business cycle to crime, including criminal opportunities, drugs and alcohol. Cook believes that the business cycle affects robbery and theft crimes but does not affect personal crimes. According to this article, economic recessions come with extensive commentary in the media about how failing economic conditions can give an explanation for increases in crime rates. This discussion has been fueled by criminologists with 150 years of study on the subject. From a policy perspective, Cook points out that this interest might be justified by the use of apportioning credit or blame for observed crime fluctuations. The author finds a positive link between the business cycle and crime. This finding is useful in forecastingcrime rates and budgeting accordingly. Additionally, the macroeconomic study of the crime rate is a good test for a familiar hypothesis regarding criminal behavior, that crime substitute\'s lawful opportunity. In this view, the rate of crime should increase with a reduction in economic opportunity that takes place during a recession, just as most criminals have low income and poor employment prospects.
Crotty, W. S. (1998). Presidential Assassinations. Society, 35 (2). The author of this article is an associate professor of political science at Northwestern University. He examines presidential assassinations in the United States. He defines assassinations of political consequence as the murder of an individual, whether of public prominence or not, in an effort to achieve political gain. The author points out that any assassin will deliberate on how to assault his victim--the time, the place, the weapon to be used and the nature of the encounter. Among the assassinations reviewed in this article is President John F. Kennedy\'s murder, the killing of Reverend Martin Luther King, Medgar Evers and Lincoln Rockwell. The continuing assassinations in concert with a decade of seemingly endless violence brought serious concern to Americans. The author classifies the assassinations into five categories to serve to explain patterns of assassination in the United States compared to other nations. These categories are; Anomic assassination, Elite substitution, Tyrannicide, Terroristic assassination and Propaganda by deed. In Crotty\'s comparison of the level of assassinations in the United States with other nations, he finds that the United States has an alarmingly high level of political assassinations. The author examines the commonalities that appear in the assassination attempts directed against US presidents or presidential candidates by randomly categorizing the assassinations into similarities common to the victims and those related to the assailants. In the author\'s findings, the notion of rationality is never intended to express the idea of the pre-planning of the particulars of the act. Instead, it implies that the execution of the victims has a substantial relationship to a policy objective the schemers wish to accomplish. In other words the execution is politically motivated. He concludes that the major factor differentiating assassinations in America from those in other nations is dependent on this distinction. This article can serve as a foundation for criminologists studying political assassinations in the US as well as in other nations.
Haslett, D. W. (2003). Murder and the Exception for Fair Competition. Social Theory & Practice, 29 (4), October. The author of this article is a professor at the Department of Philosophy, University of Delaware. He presents an analysis on the proposed solution to the ducking puzzle created by Christopher Boorse and Roy Sorensen. The puzzle is constituted to provide insights and information related to various murder cases and at the same time offer a keen understanding into the deep structure of morality. It is believed that the solution to the puzzle might provide new insight into what, exactly, constitutes murder. In particular, the author emphasizes on the solutions that were presented which are significant in the conceptualization of murder and ethical structure. Moreover, he presents various cases that are commonly encountered in relevance to human behavior and the occurrence of murder, together with the given solutions. The proposed solution presupposes a deontological code of morality, a code in which what one does can be morally wrong independently of its being, or causing, any non-moral harm. For an individual to be guilty of, and hence chargeable for, having violated a general obligation or any other obligation, there must exist no excusing or justifying conditions. Examples of excusing conditions include lunacy and innocent mistake of fact, that, without justifying doing what the obligation usually prohibits, nonetheless negate any fault for having done it. An excusing condition that, for any responsibility, negates guilt for having violated it is that the supposed violation was not anticipated. Conversely, justifying conditions, like defending against an unlawful attack, are conditions that rationalize one\'s doing what the obligation usually prohibits. Furthermore, Haslett discusses the comments of Boorse and Sorensen regarding the puzzle cases, together with their own explanations. This article provides a possible solution to the ducking puzzle which has been unsolved for one decade now.
Lester, D. (1987). Murders and Suicide: Are They Polar Opposites. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 5 (1). The author of this article is a professor of Psychology at Richard Stockton State College. He explores the relationship between suicidal and murderous desires. He reviews Freud\'s psychological theory and Henry and Short\'s sociological theory in trying to find if there is a link between murder and suicide. The author also examines a number of empirical studies that bear on the issue. From these reviews, the author finds that there is not sufficient information as yet to confirm or disconfirm that murder and suicide are polar opposites, but suggestions are made for future research needed to answer this question.  Lester notes that murder is easily seen to be an act of aggression, but suicide also can similarly be seen as an act of aggression. It is not uncommon for murderers to complete suicide after murdering their victims. In his findings, individuals do not typically murder and complete suicide in most societies. For instance, only 4of murderers complete suicide in the US. Furthermore, in most societies, different socio-demographic groups murder from those who complete suicide. For example, in the US, white males complete suicide at the highest rate while black males murder at the highest rate. He concludes that individuals who murder differ from those who complete suicide and that race is one of the strongest differentiators although age also distinguishes the two types of individual. The author also points out that all murderers are not alike. He distinguishes between the over-controlled murderer (who is composed, quiet, and unaggressive most of the time, but who detonates sporadically into dramatically aggressive behavior) and the under-controlled murderer (who is constantly assaultive to any aggravation or insult), each of who handle their violent impulses very differently. In the same way, suicidal people differ. This study helps criminologists in understanding the relationship between suicidal and murderous desires.
Lyman, J., Davis, G., & Kovandzic, T. (2004). A Comparison of Three Sources of Data on Child Homicide. Death Studies, 28 (7). All the authors of this article are professors at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, USA. The aim of this study was to compare data sources used to study trends in homicide among young children The authors compared data from death certificates, medical examiner reports, and Uniform Crime Reporting Program for homicides among children age 5 years or younger in Jefferson County, Alabama between 1988 and 1998. This study was carried out in consideration that the United States has the highest rates of childhood homicide and firearm-related deaths among industrialized countries. The authors matched the records from each source independently to records from the other two sources. The authors used Kappa coefficients to measure the chance-corrected agreement between sources. According to their findings, the strongest correlations were for victim\'s gender and race while the weakest were for victim\'s relationship to the offender and offender\'s gender. Death certificates and medical examiner data demonstrated excellent agreement and provided a comprehensive count of homicides in Jefferson County, whereas Uniform Crime Reporting comparisons had lower correlations. This suggests that the two sources they can be used interchangeably, depending on the goals and scope of a study. Although underreporting of homicide in young children by the UCR Program occurred in this study, the author points out that this is not necessarily the case in other parts of the country. He recommends that researchers can compare the number of homicides reported by the UCR to the number that occurred according to DC data to get an indication of the level of UCR reporting in the geographic region of interest. This study concluded that the Uniform Crime Reporting is a valuable source of child homicide data in the United States that is underutilized in public health research.
Cook, P. J. (2010). Property crime-yes; violence-no. Criminology & Public Policy, 9 (4). The author of this article is a professor at Duke University. He discusses the relationship between business cycle and crime against property and persons in the U.S. He references a study published within the issue. The author stresses that business cycles are complex experiments with many crime-related variables changing simultaneously. He identifies and defines plausible mechanisms relating the business cycle to crime, including criminal opportunities, drugs and alcohol.
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IT B Schools and MBA in Symbiosis Business Schools Introducing Concepts of Management in IT Arena

Author:

Lily Nicolas
When the fervor of management courses is peaking, the subjects that students have on offer is increasing. Various colleges are trying their best to offer courses that have relevance in the present scenario. With industrialization and development going on in every field, a lot of courses are being offered. Undeniably, the development in the field of information technology has been at the forefront. IT industries have brought in the highest revenue for India in the last couple of decades and still the roost in the minds of the students, when it comes to career choices. Therefore it is natural that students choose the subject of IT in the management courses that are offered under MBA in Pune.
Business schools are bringing in the concept of it management in their curriculum. The MBA in symbiosis is perhaps the leader in the IT management courses in the country, offering students the option to study IT business management. IT B schools need to have a high standard of curriculum to train people in the nuances of information technology so that students understand the mannerism of the works of this industry. With new businesses and enterprises being started in the country, and many IT based start ups, it is required that people who are trained in handling the affairs of a information technology based organization, be at the helm. With their expertise on this particular stream, students can help in the different aspects of the IT business.
MBA in Pune is therefore seeing a heavy rush with students interested in this field lining up for admissions in the IT B schools. Management information systems, disruptive technologies, IT infrastructure management, IT project management, management of information technology enabled services, etc are a few of the aspects that are covered in MBA in Symbiosis in information technology business management.
The aims of such courses are to develop management professionals for IT businesses. The students also can gain knowledge about the recent advances such as information security management, IT infrastructure management, software solutions management, etc. The aim of IT B schools is therefore to bring to the fore, the problems underlying in the IT sector and promulgating methods to counter these effects.
The software solutions management in the MBA in Pune covers the proposing, designing and delivering the quality software solutions according to the changing technical and business environment, which can also be availed of in the executive MBA Pune. Each of the subjects imparted in these business schools are of utmost importance in the progression made in the information technology section. It is no more a need to stress the importance of IT in today\'s life. Only, students are required to know about the existence of the course and the queue would overflow.

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Looking for IT B Schools in pune or MBA in Symbiosis complite your MBA in Pune. Most popular institute covered MBA in Symbiosis in information technology Business Management in Pune.

Jamnagar Reliance Industries Limited - distributes school kits in 69 village schools

Author:

nurit
Reliance Industries Limited (RIL), in a unique drive to promote education in rural areas, distributed 1545 school-kits to students in 69 schools of 42 villages surrounding its industrial complex in Jamnagar district.
In Jamnagar taluka, 942 students of 32 schools in 18 villages were presented with school-kits. In Lalpur taluka, 578 students of 37 schools in 24 villages received the kits. Reliance\'s Jamnagar refinery complex is surrounded by these villages.
Prf.Vasuben Trivedi, the minister for higher and technical education, women and child welfare and district panchayat Presidents Dr. P.B.Vasoya encouraged the children.
Deputy Conservator of forest, Sardar Sarovar project, Gandhinagar, Shri S.D.Vora and Mamlatdar Shri M.M.Vansadia also distributed the school-kits in Charntungi, Ragpar and Mota lakhia villages Cities in Lalpur taluka.
Their presence boosted the moral of the villagers and elated the girl-students; besides that of Reliance\'s officials. Officials of Reliance, Jamnagar in tune with the local administration; personally visited these villages and distributed school-kits.
The school-kits contained a school-bag, slate-pen, pencil, note-book, color-pencil, eraser, sharpner, foot-rule and a compass-box. Reliance has been actively participating in the state government\'s drive to encourage girls to undertake education since last six years.
Villagers and district administration had all praise for Reliance\'s liberal support and whole-hearted participation in a drive to motivate girls especially, to take up education in right earnest.
Recently Jamnagar Government Polytechnic Students have made an innovative compactor by assembling together parts of different automobiles.
This compactor is powerful enough to level the ground of a college, large bungalow ground, cricket grounds and other such places.
It has a single drum of 120 kg powered by a Bajaj scooter engine of 150 cc capacity; the rear wheel is of Maruti Esteem as are the brake and lever pedal.
The differential is taken from three-wheeler goods carriage vehicle, steering and steering mechanism have taken from Maruti Omni, seat is of a mini tractor and front head lamps are of a three-wheeler.
'Our duty is to pump maximum quantity of Narmada water at the main Dhanki pumping centre, which is some 120 km from Malia water works, from where the piped water was distributed in three districts.'
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Nurit is the one of the Blogger Beginner and Article Publisher.

Simple High School Classroom Management Techniques

Author:

Jordan Reeves Walker, Ed.D.
If you are an educator who feels isolated, alone, and possibly do not know where to turn for assistance because of the incessant misbehavior and disrespect of your high school students and therefore you are always stressed out, tired, and daily dread the thought of going back to the same classroom the next day, I ask you to relax because this article will provide you the needed insights for building classroom discipline and it also promises to equip you with the skills commonly taught in classroom management workshops.
The first thing you need to know is that you are not alone in the frustrations associated with building classroom discipline. There are many other talented educators like you who feel the way you do and some of them have resigned their teaching appointments with the wrong notion that the high school classroom management techniques are mysteries that are beyond their understandings and applications.

The truth, however, is that their frustrations are unfounded simply because building classroom discipline among high school students is possible and effective high school classroom management techniques taught in workshops are not mysteries that can\'t be learnt and put to practical use for your own career benefits and for the future of your students. This is because just like anything else in life, if you have a workable plan, you can achieve success in building classroom discipline in your high school students. Here are some key steps you can take to improve classroom discipline and make the teaching-learning process fun for yourself and for your high school students.

Realize that it is your responsibility to address students\' misbehavior and disrespect: Determine right now that it is your legal responsibility to deal with your students\' bad behavior and make up your mind instantly to take up that responsibility. The reality is that no teacher likes to bear this responsibility but since it is part of the job, it must be done. You will have to consciously build classroom discipline among your students until it becomes a part of each of them and then they are bound to appreciate your efforts though much later. So, make up your mind that you are going to handle your students\' misbehavior with an effective strategy. Let them know that you are capable of handling them yourself.

Deliberately rearrange the desks and use proximity to your benefit: You can take this step on your next day in class after reading this article. Since one of the most occurring misbehavior of students in the classroom is side talks while lesson tasks are going on, create a proximity to the students by rearranging their desks so that your movement can be easy and quick to any part of the classroom. You can as well move round the room actively during lesson while teaching and making eye contacts deliberately. It won\'t be long before you will begin to notice positive changes.

Cultivate the habit of telling your students what you will do in direct response to their misbehavior and desist from telling them what to do: Stop telling your student who is always late for class to show up on time or else you will enforce discipline but rather tell the student you cannot give full credit for participation in class if they continue to show up late for class. You can apply this method to any other area that requires building classroom discipline and you will see what difference it will bring to making your style of high school classroom management techniques effective.
Article Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/adhd-articles/simple-high-school-classroom-management-techniques-4998251.html
About the Author
Author is Dr. Jordan Reeves Walker who is a motivator of educators, business teams and parents. For more information on her classroom management strategies workshops, contact Dr. Walker at 678.772.9707, or visit her blog at http://www.buildingclassroomdiscipline.com.

Now you see it, Now you don't

Author:

Maurice Peter King
                   NOW YOU SEE IT, NOW YOU DON\'T
Gravity Lensing
Gravity Lensing is an interesting phenomena of cosmology, but what is not understood is its far reaching effect on cosmology as a whole.
 Most of the Stars we see in the sky at night seem quite ordinary but there the assumption is incorrect because a large portion of them are not really there mainly because of gravity lensing and its associated effects, which said effects are compounded  with distance.. Near stars and other close bodies do no exhibit much aberration as the more distant stars do. We start with the long, long journey that the starlight from the distant bodies covers to reach our eyes or the Hubble telescope, somewhere in the region of 12,x 109  light years to the edge of the expanding cosmos( discounted in my article ‘Time Flies\'). In this tremendous distance are many large, medium and small gravity wells be they stars, black holes or merely planets. Each and every gravity well causes gravity lensing in varying degrees and in many cases if no lensing occurs then the light photons or Quanta will undergo a deflection of their natural direction and or an increase in their static energy level. Primarily when lenzing occurs two or more images are in evidence. The increase in energy due to the slingshot effect increases the static energy level of the quanta up to a level just a bit more than two quantas at which point the single quanta splits into two similar quantas. The new quanta formed is at the supposed correct energy for a normal quanta but the original has a small but relative residual extra amount of energy because of the point at which the formation of a extra quanta is triggered. Because of the different energy levels of these images they diverge from each other with the divergence increasing with distance due to the effect of energy supplied by the slingshot effect to the two energy quantas.
 This effect is in evidence with all the light emanating from any distances in the tens of light years to the billions of light years. If you can imagine the number of high gravitational bodies that light passes during the 12,000 million years journey fro the edges of the big bang envelope to falling onto your eyes or the Hubble telescope then you will begin to understand the problem just beginning to unfold. With multiple images and bending of direction  being applied to all light quanta during its long journey across the cosmos passing untold millions of huge cosmic bodies, its final direction is beyond definition. The direction could possibly be modified such that the light from one particular source travels around the cosmos many times before hitting on the Hubble telescope or our upturned eyes.
 So what do we see when we look up into the night sky. We see many multiple images of stars seeming to be where we are looking but in actual fact could originate from a source behind us, certainly the light may have travelled around in circles or possibly in random zigzag paths for many millions of years before we see them (where they are not).
   The image doubling is caused by an effect similar to the formation of double particles when accelerated in the particle accelerators. When the energy of a single particle increases due to the gravitic or magnetic acceleration effect it reaches a critical energy level slightly more than the energy of two particles at which point it breaks into two almost identical particles. The similarity stops at the energy levels of the two particles. The new particle is of the normal energy level expected for a non accelerated particle but the original still has a slight excess of energy and it is this difference in energy that causes the divergence. In the case of the particle accelerator the new particle together with the original will be pulled downwards due to the earths gravitational field. In the case of the light quanta the divergence and bending will be a partial falling towards the gravitational body. The energy is supplied by the gravity well near which the quanta is passing and the quanta when the energy has increased to a fraction more than the energy level of two quanta will split into two quanta, one with a normal energy level and the original which will have a slightly increased or residual energy over and above the norm. It can now be seen that with slightly differing energy levels the mass of the quanta will also differ by the same ratio. It is this mass difference that causes the two quanta to diverge when acted upon by gravity. This divergence will then continue to increase with distance until such time as each of the two quanta passes near another large gravity well and the same effect will be in evidence but more than likely in a slightly different directions or two totally different directions if each quanta passes near differing bodies. This effect will be in evidence with all light quanta passing near all large bodies over the whole of the cosmos. This will give the effect of there being more stars than there actually are. Off course a large number of diverted quanta will when passing too close to a large body be absorbed due to being caught in the gravity well but an equally large number will miss the collision course and just be deflected by anything from zero deflection to maximum deflection to who knows what direction. A very, very few will continue on their vast travels without passing near any large gravity wells and in this case no gravity lenzing will be in effect and the body will be seen in it\'s correct position but this would be very rare because of the vast distance travelled and the vast number of large bodies in any path. The greater the distance travelled by the light quanta then the greater the chance that the quanta will either be lazed or absorbed by collision.
  This phenomenon nicely ties up together the micro and the macro effects required for Universal theory. It also accounts nicely for the missing matter so readily ascribed to 'Dark Matter' because the missing matter seen by our eyes just isn\'t there, hence the title of this paper ‘Now you see it, now you don\'t\'.
  The information given out by cosmologists over some years now that the outer fringe of the cosmos is expanding at an accelerated rate in excess of the speed of light could be an effect due to the strange ragged path of the light quanta in their variable travels.
To make matter worse if that is possible, the effects expounded above would also involve cosmic rays and may even be the reason for the background radiation effect we register over the whole of space.
The gravity lenzing effect gives some insight into using the Einstein equation E = MxC2  . As it stands it is not valid. C2 is a constant as is light, then E energy is proportional to M mass. This doesn\'t stand up when used for gravity lenzing because the mass doesn\'t change until it is triggered into two photons. By altering the equation to read E = MxV2 then t comes into the
                                                                                                          t2
equation. This allows t to vary and in doing so allows for the photons time frame to change until the trigger ( total energy is equal to slightly more than the mass of two photons ) when the stretched time bounces back to normal and 2 photons are in existence.
E = MxC2  implies that as energy E increases then the mass M will increase proportionally  indicating that the mass becomes infinite as C is reached. This is not true because  with the revised equation  E =   MxV2      with M and V constant then E is proportional to the root of
                                        t2 
time t . The result of this is that as E increases time slows down. This is in line with Einstein\'s Time Dilation effect  which doesn\'t appear if  E = MxC2 .

This whole scenario gives me pause for thought because the action of the quanta of light seems to act as a particle and is evidenced by the effect of gravity on the quanta. It also seems to act as a wave but mainly it acts as pure energy which after all it is.
The action of increased energy of the quanta and the splitting of the energized quanta into two similar quantas, is very much the same as the splitting of basic particles when energized in the particle accelerator. This then leads me to suggest that Light is the basic natural particle of matter. The easy formation of energy into light or even any electromagnetic form of energy suggests this postulate. Light into electricity and electricity into light, it works both ways.

24-06-2011


Quick thoughts on light reverse engineering.

First what if we use tungsten filament in the sun and check if there is any voltage output. Or heat a filament to see if any electrical voltage is present. These are crazy thought experiments which I have not had the time to try, but may give some unusual results.
When a match is struck and has finished burning, not ignoring the gases formed is the weight still the same after light and heat had been produced accepting that light and heat are forms of energy closely akin to light quanta and are known to have mass?
1591 words

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